--- title: General-purpose Input/Output (GPIO) categories: GPIO, STM32F4 ... Introduction - 簡介 =================== **General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)** is a generic pin on an integrated circuit whose behavior, including whether it is an input or output pin, can be controlled by the user at run time. * GPIO 是種具有彈性且可以藉由軟體控制 (software-controlled) 的數位訊號 * 常見於開發版邊緣, 以針腳 (Pin) 的形式呈現 - 這些針腳即是開發版與外界溝通的重要橋樑 - 簡單例子, 想像成是開關, 使用者可以打開或關閉 (input), 或由開發版來打開或關閉 (output) * 每個 GPIO 可以被當成 input, output 或 alternate function - alternate function 是指其他的的方程式, 如 I2C, SPI, USART, CCP, PWM, Clock, ADC 等。如何控制則取決於外部設備 (peripheral) STM324xx Main Feature - STM324xx 特性 ===================================== GPIO 雖然建立起記憶體與設備之間的橋梁,但也並非我們就可以隨意使用,我們必須要經過設定之後才能讓我們想要的設備正常工作。 * 所有 GPIO 具有容許較高的電流能力與四種速度選擇,根據不同設定管理雜訊、電耗與電磁波 * 最大 I/O 切換速度可以支援到 90 MHz * STM32F4xx 每個 GPIO Port 有 10 個 32-bit 暫存器 (Register) - Configuration Register: GPIOx_MODER, PIOx_OTYPER, GPIOx_OSPEEDR 與 GPIOx_PUPDR - Data Register: GPIOx_IDR and GPIOx_ODR - Set/Reset Register: GPIOx_BSRR - Locking Register: GPIOx_LCKR - Alternate Function Selection Register: GPIOx_AFRH 與 GPIOx_AFRL 一個pin通常可被設定成input、output、alternate function或analog,input會有兩種狀態表現(floating, pull-up/down),output也有兩種狀態表現(push-pull with pull-up/pull-down or open drain with pull-up/down)。 - input/output方向解說 : input是指記憶體方接收來自設備的訊號源,output是指記憶體傳送訊號給設備。 當pin被設定成input時,非analog的設定下,我們可以利用GPIO的input data register(GPIOx_IDR) 或是memory中提供給目標設備的data register (當設成alternate function的時候)去接收data。 當pin被設定成output時,非analog的設定下,GPIO本身有提供output data register (GPIOx_ODR)來對目標設備做控制,但要是pin不是使用原本預先定義好的功能時(非預先定義的功能都算是alternate function的類別),此時要用memory中,另外規劃給目標設備用的register。 如果pin被設成analog的話,無論input or output都會由adc/dac那邊做處理。 Functional Description ====================== input ------------------- - floating vs. pull-up/pull-down 當input pin被處在高阻抗的模式下,若沒有外部訊號源進來的話,此時是無法確定pin的狀態(不能確定現在處在高電位或低電位),除非有外部訊號來驅動電路。換句話說,input floating,這個input電位狀態完全是由外部訊號來決定,沒有訊號驅動的話,就會呈現高阻抗狀態。 剛剛提到floating在沒有外部訊號驅動的情況下是呈現高阻抗狀態(無法確定電位狀態=>不能明確表示現在值是0或1),如果我們需要這個pin有一個明確的預設狀態時,必須借助pull-up(pull-down)resistor來做調整,在pull-up resistor(pull-up外接高電壓,pull-down通常會接地)加入之下,讓pin的維持在明確的高電壓狀態(pull-down則是讓pin維持在低電壓狀態)。舉例來說,如果我們定電壓在3-4 V之間是1的狀態,0-1之間是0的狀態,高阻抗的時候,電壓是不明確的,有可能電壓值會落在1-3之間的不明確地帶,甚至是沒有在任何一個狀態維持一段時間,此時的狀態是未定的,但如果我們加入pull-up resistor的話,這個pin接受來自pull-up另一端的電壓供應,讓pin至少維持在3v以上時,我們就可以確定在沒有外部訊號驅動時,pin是維持在高電位狀態。 output ------------------- - push-pull vs open-drain mode output處在push-pull模式下時,當output registers為"0"時輸出低電位,"1"時輸出高電位。而在open-drain模式下,"0"輸出低電位,"1"時為高阻抗(Hi-Z)狀態,電位無法確定。此兩種模式下,pin皆可pull-up/pull-down。 當有多個輸出pin在互相連通時(例如一個bus),若有兩個輸出呈不同狀態,電路上的電位便無法確定。因此,除了正在輸出的pin以外,其他pin應在高阻抗態以免干擾。以bus的例子來說,若令所有pin皆在open-drain mode pull-up,並使非輸出端pin為"1"(hi-Z),當輸出pin為"1"時,bus為高電位(因為pull-up);當輸出pin為"0"時,bus為低電位。 analog ------------------- 前面所述的input/output跟現在要談的類比模式是不一樣的類型,前者的資料型態主要是高低電位的數位型態(0/1的分別),而類比訊號是普遍自然界的訊號型態,故當我們設定成類比輸入的模式時,進來GPIO pin的原始訊號源在還沒經過施密特觸發器(Schmitt trigger)會有另一個線路將訊號做導向(通常是要導到ADC去),另一方面,當我們用了類比輸出模式後,GPIO的內部將會有一條線路接收DAC處理完的類比訊號,在經過此pin傳遞到外部去。 - 施密特觸發器(Schmitt trigger) : 將類比訊號的波形整成數位電路所能處理的方波波形(處理完只能分辨出高低電位的差別)。 .. image:: /embedded/Schmitt_trigger.jpg (施密特觸發器具有整流效果) basic structure (P.266, **Figure 25. Basic structure of a five-volt tolerant I/O port bit** in Reference manual) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. image:: /embedded/GPIO_basic_src.PNG - VDD:晶片內部的工作電壓 - VDD_FT : I/O port專用電壓,與VDD不同 - VSS:接地點 - protection diode : 防止輸入電壓超過一定範圍。當電壓低於VSS時,電流通過protection diode流入pin;當電壓高於VDD_FT時,電流流出pin。 Configuration ============= Input configuration (P.273, **8.3.9 Input configuration** in Reference manual) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ .. image:: /GPIO_ Input_configurations.png When the I/O port is programmed as Input: - the output buffer is disabled - the Schmitt trigger input is activated - 這種模式處理的數位訊號只在意高低電位的差別(開關控制)。 - the pull-up and pull-down resistors are activated depending on the value in the GPIOx_PUPDR register - 想要讓pin的state變成一個確定的狀態,可以設定pull-up/pull-down的使用。 - The data present on the I/O pin are sampled into the input data register every AHB1 clock cycle - input data的更新主要就是以AHB1本身的更新週期做決定,每一個cycle抵達時,data register就會根據當時Schmitt trigger整流完的狀態做更新。 - A read access to the input data register provides the I/O State - 對data register的理解,我覺得用'狀態'比'數值'的敘述來的更好(大部分都是開關,就是外部訊號源是否有狀態改變,如 : button的按下與放開),而此處寫I/O state的意思是,即使我們現在是設成output(如 : LED控制),但我們仍然可用input data register來檢查LED現在的狀態。 Output configuration (P.274, **8.3.10 Output configuration** in Reference manual) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. image:: /GPIO_ Output_configurations.png When the I/O port is programmed as output: .. TODO: Output Control - The output buffer is enabled: - Open drain mode: A “0” in the Output register activates the N-MOS whereas a “1” in the Output register leaves the port in Hi-Z (the P-MOS is never activated) - Push-pull mode: A “0” in the Output register activates the N-MOS whereas a “1” in the Output register activates the P-MOS - 如前所述,設定Open drain / Push-pull的使用。 - The Schmitt trigger input is activated - The weak pull-up and pull-down resistors are activated or not depending on the value in the GPIOx_PUPDR register - The data present on the I/O pin are sampled into the input data register every AHB1 clock cycle - A read access to the input data register gets the I/O state - A read access to the output data register gets the last written value - 不一定與當下pin的狀態相同 Alternate function configuration (P.275, **8.3.11 Alternate function configuration** in Reference manual) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. image:: /GPIO_Alternate_function_configuration.PNG When the I/O port is programmed as alternate function: - The output buffer can be configured as open-drain or push-pull - The output buffer is driven by the signal coming from the peripheral (transmitter enable and data) - The Schmitt trigger input is activated - The weak pull-up and pull-down resistors are activated or not depending on the value in the GPIOx_PUPDR register - The data present on the I/O pin are sampled into the input data register every AHB1 clock cycle - A read access to the input data register gets the I/O state Remark: GPIOx_AFRL[31:0] and GPIOx_AFRH[31:0] provide ways to select alternation functions. However, different alternate functions maps to different bits of ports. For more information, please refer to **Table 12. Alternate function mapping** from P.73 in STM32F429xx Datasheet. Analog configuration (P.276, **8.3.12 Analog configuration** in Reference manual) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .. image:: /GPIO_Analog_configurations.PNG When the I/O port is programmed as analog configuration: - The output buffer is disabled - The Schmitt trigger input is deactivated, providing zero consumption for every analog value of the I/O pin. The output of the Schmitt trigger is forced to a constant value (0). - The weak pull-up and pull-down resistors are disabled - Read access to the input data register gets the value “0” Note: In the analog configuration, the I/O pins cannot be 5 Volt tolerant. - analog operating voltage (VDDA) max at 3.6V Demo ======= 實驗設備 -------- 除了STM32本身外,我們使用一台訊號產生器與一台示波器。 將訊號產生器輸出(+)接到示波器的channel 1(黃色)與PA0,STM32的輸出PG14接示波器的channel 2(藍色),訊號產生器的接地(-)接到STM32的GND與示波器channel 1/2的負極。 .. image:: /embedded/starting_ state.jpg 起始狀態,程式將PA0的輸入GPIOA_IDR shift後送到 GPIOG_ODR,由PG13輸出。 .. image:: /embedded/schmitt_sin.jpg sin波 .. image:: /embedded/schmitt_tri.jpg 三角波 .. image:: /embedded/interrupt_func_delay.jpg visible interrupt delay ,about 2000ns .. image:: /embedded/interrupt_func_1M.jpg 頻率再增加的結果 .. image:: /embedded/polling_func_delay.jpg 使用polling的結果,delay大約750ns .. image:: /embedded/pulling_dir_delay.jpg 不用function call,delay大約250ns .. image:: /embedded/interrupt_dir_delay.jpg interrupt不用function call,delay大約1500ns .. image:: /embedded/interrupt_func_frqup.jpg 把interrupt頻率加快的結果 .. image:: /embedded/interrupt_func_frqup2.jpg interrupt頻率再增加的結果 .. image:: /embedded/pull_down_res.jpg 一般的下拉電阻 .. image:: /embedded/pull_down_resl.jpg PA10 /PB12 Code Section ------------- sample code download : .. code-block:: c git clone https://github.com/shengwen1997/stm32_GPIO_demo.git cd stm32_GPIO_demo/ test for code : .. code-block:: c make make flash 測試方法 : - input使用button作為範例,output是LED控制。 stm32f4_discovery library的預先定義(in libstm/Utilities/STM32F4-Discovery/stm32f4_discovery.h) : .. code-block:: c #define LEDn 4 #define LED4_PIN GPIO_Pin_12 #define LED4_GPIO_PORT GPIOD #define LED4_GPIO_CLK RCC_AHB1Periph_GPIOD #define LED3_PIN GPIO_Pin_13 #define LED3_GPIO_PORT GPIOD #define LED3_GPIO_CLK RCC_AHB1Periph_GPIOD #define LED5_PIN GPIO_Pin_14 #define LED5_GPIO_PORT GPIOD #define LED5_GPIO_CLK RCC_AHB1Periph_GPIOD #define LED6_PIN GPIO_Pin_15 #define LED6_GPIO_PORT GPIOD #define LED6_GPIO_CLK RCC_AHB1Periph_GPIOD #define BUTTONn 1 #define USER_BUTTON_PIN GPIO_Pin_0 #define USER_BUTTON_GPIO_PORT GPIOA #define USER_BUTTON_GPIO_CLK RCC_AHB1Periph_GPIOA #define USER_BUTTON_EXTI_LINE EXTI_Line0 #define USER_BUTTON_EXTI_PORT_SOURCE EXTI_PortSourceGPIOA #define USER_BUTTON_EXTI_PIN_SOURCE EXTI_PinSource0 #define USER_BUTTON_EXTI_IRQn EXTI0_IRQn - LED是屬於GPIO port D,第12-15個pin分別是控制,LED4、LED3、LED5、LED6。 - Button是屬於GPIO port A,第0個pin是可以用來檢查button狀態的腳位。在文件中,有時會看到Wake-up button這一名稱,其實就是在說User button,兩者是指同一個東西。 input 設定 : - button initialization(in libstm/Utilities/STM32F4-Discovery/stm32f4_discovery.c) : .. code-block:: c void STM_EVAL_PBInit(Button_TypeDef Button, ButtonMode_TypeDef Button_Mode) { GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure; EXTI_InitTypeDef EXTI_InitStructure; NVIC_InitTypeDef NVIC_InitStructure; /* 要設定好Clock才能正確更新Button的State,BUTTON_CLK[Button]是指RCC_AHB1Periph_GPIOA */ RCC_AHB1PeriphClockCmd(BUTTON_CLK[Button], ENABLE); RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_SYSCFG, ENABLE); /* 設定為input mode,我們不給pin任何預設狀態,所PuPd的部份設成NOPULL */ GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_IN; GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_PuPd = GPIO_PuPd_NOPULL; GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = BUTTON_PIN[Button]; GPIO_Init(BUTTON_PORT[Button], &GPIO_InitStructure); if (Button_Mode == BUTTON_MODE_EXTI) { /* 啟用interrupt並建立好與button腳位的連結 */ SYSCFG_EXTILineConfig(BUTTON_PORT_SOURCE[Button], BUTTON_PIN_SOURCE[Button]); /* Configure Button EXTI line */ EXTI_InitStructure.EXTI_Line = BUTTON_EXTI_LINE[Button]; EXTI_InitStructure.EXTI_Mode = EXTI_Mode_Interrupt; EXTI_InitStructure.EXTI_Trigger = EXTI_Trigger_Rising; EXTI_InitStructure.EXTI_LineCmd = ENABLE; EXTI_Init(&EXTI_InitStructure); /* Enable and set Button EXTI Interrupt to the lowest priority */ NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannel = BUTTON_IRQn[Button]; NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelPreemptionPriority = 0x0F; NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelSubPriority = 0x0F; NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelCmd = ENABLE; NVIC_Init(&NVIC_InitStructure); } } - Button interrupt handler(in main.c) .. code-block:: c void EXTI0_IRQHandler(void) { /* 當Button按下後觸發interrupt,用自定義變數紀錄Button state的改變。 */ UserButtonPressed = 0x01; /* Clear the EXTI line pending bit */ EXTI_ClearITPendingBit(USER_BUTTON_EXTI_LINE); } output 設定 : - LED initialization (in libstm/Utilities/STM32F4-Discovery/stm32f4_discovery.c) : .. code-block:: c void STM_EVAL_LEDInit(Led_TypeDef Led) { GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStructure; /* LED是屬於Port D,要設定好Clk讓Port D可以正確被更新 */ RCC_AHB1PeriphClockCmd(GPIO_CLK[Led], ENABLE); /* 設定各LED對應的腳位,output type設成push-pull,並使用pull-up電阻,LED初始化完成時,會呈現高電位狀態(亮燈)。 */ GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_PIN[Led]; GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode = GPIO_Mode_OUT; GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_OType = GPIO_OType_PP; GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_PuPd = GPIO_PuPd_UP; GPIO_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz; GPIO_Init(GPIO_PORT[Led], &GPIO_InitStructure); } main.c : - main function : .. code-block:: c int main(void) { RCC_ClocksTypeDef RCC_Clocks; /* button初始化,並使用interrupt。 */ STM_EVAL_PBInit(BUTTON_USER, BUTTON_MODE_EXTI); /* 初始化需要用到的LED。 */ STM_EVAL_LEDInit(LED4); STM_EVAL_LEDInit(LED3); STM_EVAL_LEDInit(LED5); STM_EVAL_LEDInit(LED6); /* 初始化有使用到pull-up電阻,預設會亮燈,在這邊把燈關掉。 */ STM_EVAL_LEDOff(LED4); STM_EVAL_LEDOff(LED3); STM_EVAL_LEDOff(LED5); STM_EVAL_LEDOff(LED6); /* 初始化自定義變數 */ UserButtonPressed = 0x00; /* Create a task to flash the LED. */ xTaskCreate(LED_task, (signed portCHAR *) "LED Flash", 512 /* stack size */, NULL, tskIDLE_PRIORITY + 5, NULL); /* Create a task to button check. */ xTaskCreate(button_task, (signed portCHAR *) "User Button", 512 /* stack size */, NULL, tskIDLE_PRIORITY + 5, NULL); /* Start running the tasks. */ vTaskStartScheduler(); return 0; } - LED control task .. code-block:: c static void LED_task(void *pvParameters) { RCC_ClocksTypeDef RCC_Clocks; uint8_t togglecounter = 0x00; while(1) { /* Toggle LED5 */ STM_EVAL_LEDToggle(LED5); vTaskDelay(100); /* Toggle LED6 */ STM_EVAL_LEDToggle(LED6); vTaskDelay(100); } } - Button check task : .. code-block:: c static void button_task(void *pvParameters) { while (1) { /* Waiting User Button is pressed */ if (UserButtonPressed == 0x01) { /* Toggle LED4 */ STM_EVAL_LEDToggle(LED4); vTaskDelay(100); /* Toggle LED3 */ STM_EVAL_LEDToggle(LED3); vTaskDelay(100); } /* Waiting User Button is Released */ while (STM_EVAL_PBGetState(BUTTON_USER) == Bit_SET); UserButtonPressed = 0x00; } } Supplement ========== - 一些有預設控制元件的腳位 - LD3:綠色,連接到PG13 - LD4:紅色,連接到PG14 - B1(USER):連接到PA0 - B2(RESET):連接到NRST,用於重置 Q & A ========= **1. Pull-up與Pull-down的電阻是多少?** (請參考Datasheet p.110,Table 47. I/O static characteristics) .. image:: /STM32F429_IOstatic.png 實際測量: - 將三用電表調到測量電阻的功能 - 將三用電表的正極接在要測的I/O pin上(設成pull-down),負極接地 - 觀察電表的數字即可得當前電阻 **2. GPIO中取樣頻率的意義?** 假設input data是0、1、0、1、……的方波,並以V0的速度變化,此時若GPIO本身的取樣頻率是1/2 V0,則取到的data會全是1或全是0,所以了解GPIO的取樣頻率可以讓使用者設計input data時不以過快的速度做資料的輸入。 取樣頻率可由GPIOx_OSPEEDRy[1:0]設定,各模式下的速度可參考datasheet p134 table 58. I/O AC Characteristics **3. 何謂TTL?** 全名Transistor-Transistor Logic,數位IC的種類之一,依製程不同可分為TTL與CMOS(complement metal oxide semiconductor)兩種: TTL:內部零件多以雙極性電晶體組成。 CMOS:內部零件多以金屬氧化物半導體組成。 (補充)差異性比較: TTL電路的速度快,傳輸延遲時間短(5-10ns),但是功耗大。 CMOS電路的速度慢,傳輸延遲時間長(25-50ns),但功耗低。 **4. STM32 RCC clock** System clock setup - Internal High Speed Clock (HSI) - External High Speed Clock (HSE) - Phase locked Loop (PLL) Bus clock setup - Advanced High Performance Bus (AHB) - Low speed Advanced Peripherial Bus (APB1) - High speed Advanced Peripherial Bus (APB2) **5. 波形抖動問題** Sampling jitter [from Wikipedia] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter In analog to digital and digital to analog conversion of signals, the sampling is normally assumed to be periodic with a fixed period—the time between every two samples is the same. If there is jitter present on the clock signal to the analog-to-digital converter or a digital-to-analog converter, the time between samples varies and instantaneous signal error arises. Reference ========= - `General Purpose Input/Output - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia `_ - `STM32F429xx Datasheet`_ - `STM32F42xxx Reference Manual`_ - `STM32F429 pin mapping`_ - `STM32F4-Discovery 中文使用手冊`_ - `稀里糊塗學 STM32 第二講:源源不絕`_ - `GPIO PPT`_