--- title: Xenomai categories: embedded, arm, raspberrypi, rpi, realtime, linux, rtos, xenomai, preempt_rt ... 協作者 ======= * 2015 年春季 - 吳哲綱, 曾柏翔, 林展翔, 詹志鴻, 林建慶, 呂鴻, 楊于進 * 2014 年春季 - 向澐, 林家宏, 呂科進, 趙愷文, 阮志偉, 陳建霖 Real Time 的定義 ============================== 一個real time的系統需要保證其工作在給定的時間限制內完成(稱為deadline)。 系統不需要以最快的速度(real fast)完成任務,但需要時常或每次皆在deadline之內完成。 在這個前提下,real time系統的任務完成時間是可確定的(deterministic)。 而根據系統的限制不同,real time可分為: * Soft Real Time 系統不一定每次皆需要遵守deadline,但較多的deadline miss會導致服務品質降低。 * Hard Real Time 系統能每次皆能在deadline內完成任務。 Real time on Linux ================== * PREEMPT_RT (in-kernel; single kernel) 修改原本的 GNU/Linux 核心 (vanilla kernel),以減少non-preemptible section的方式,使其逐步改善 real-time 能力。 * dual kernel (如 RTLinux, RTAI, Xenomai) 運作一個 real-time 核心,然後將修改過的 GNU/Linux 核心程式碼視為該 real-time 核心的 idle task。 在xenomai中,dual kernel 就是 Xenomai 的 Nucleus / Cobalt Core 和 Linux kernel。Xenomai 改變整個系統架構,讓 ipipe -> xenomai scheduler 來預先處理 real-time task,而 Linux 則拉到上層成為一個task。這樣可以避免 Linux 因為龐大的架構而影響處理 real-time 的時間。 Xenomai系統架構 =============== ![](/embedded/xenomai/xenomai_arch.jpg) Xenomai是一個linux kernel的patch 藉由在底層增加一個架構 負責硬體與接收interrupt 並將interrupt 傳給上層的OS(這邊稱為domain) 這個底層的架構是Adeos 是另一個open source的project 在api呼叫上可以看到不同層級的抽象化 ipipe_XXX -> rthal_XXX -> xnXXX 負責傳送interrupt的程式稱為ipipe 示意圖 : ![](/embedded/xenomai/adeos.jpg) 可以找到ipipe_raise_irq()將interrupt推到pipeline 在ipipe上每個domain都有自己的優先度 高優先度的domain會先接收到interrupt 高優先度的domain的thread 可以preempt低優先度domain的thread Xenomai 3 +++++++++++ xenomai3有兩種configuration: * Cobalt: 採用dual kernel架構,是xenomai 2的延伸 * Mercury: 使用單kernel形式,在linux kernel上提供xenomai api,由於本身依賴linux,一般來說會以PREEMPT_RT提供real-time services **Xenomai 3 dual kernal configuration : Cobalt** ![](/embedded/xenomai/cobalt.png) 多一個 priority 比 linux 還高叫 cobalt 的 core 去處理 real-time 的事情,提供不同的 real-time API 給不同的 applications 使用。並且利用Optimistic interrupt protection 機制減少 changing the interrupt mask,一般的機制在每次進入critical section時都要interrupt mask,而Optimistic interrupt protection可以不用。而real-time 在意的 "deadline",實際上就是探討 latency (latency 越大,系統越難在時限內完成完成高優先權任務,自然即時能力就越差),而 latency 很大的來源則是 interrupt handling。 **Xenomai 3 single kernel configuration :Mercury** ![](/embedded/xenomai/mercury.png) 運用本機的 linux core 在 PREEMPT_RT之上達到 real-time 的事情,這裡不是強制的,看 applications 對反應時間和 maximum jitter 的要求,有些甚至會作到某種程度 deadline 的忽略。 Adeos / iPipe ++++++++++++++ 主要負責處理irq 與 high resolution timer, ipipe的工作很簡單 就是設定timer並將interrupt往上丟 * Adeos feature - event pipeline : 利用pipeline的方式將不同domain的interrupt或system call往上丟 - Optimistic interrupt protection : 當同一個domain在處理interrupt時,有跟她相同domain的interrupt要進來時,會將它進pending狀態,等到所有pending interrupt完成時,才會處理下個domain的interrupt。但更高優先權domain的interrupt會preempt較低優先權domain的interrupt。 - Optimistic v.s Original : Original case: ![](/embedded/xenomai/originalcase1.png) ![](/embedded/xenomai/originalcase2.png) Optimistic case: ![](/embedded/xenomai/optiminsticcase1.png) ![](/embedded/xenomai/optiminsticcase2.png) 從前兩張圖可看出一般的機制在每次進入critical section時都要interrupt mask,而Optimistic interrupt protection可以不用,所以在interrupt management的時間差很多。而real-time 在意的 “deadline”,實際上就是探討 latency (latency 越大,系統越難在時限內完成完成高優先權任務,自然即時能力就越差),而 latency 很大的來源則是 interrupt handling。 - System­ event propagation : system event(ex : page fault handle) 傳遞方式不同於interrupt,基本上是不可被stall的。 * realtime support to threads running in the secondary domain - Common priority scheme : 當xenomai task migrates to linux domain時,linux domain會繼承xenomai task的priority。 ![](/embedded/xenomai/pirority_scheme.png) - Predictability of program execution times : 當xenomai threads 進入linux(secondary) domain時,不可被linux domain interrupt preempt掉,也不能被其他low priority activity at linux kernel preempt掉。通常最簡單實作方式就是加一個interrupt shield domain。 ![](/embedded/xenomai/interrupt_shield.png) - Fine-grained Linux kernel : In order to get the best from secondary domain,we need the Linux kernel to exhibit the shortest possible nonpreemptible section, so that rescheduling opportunities are taken as soon as possible after a Xenomai thread running in the secondary domain becomes ready to run. - Priority inversion management : Both the real-time nucleus and the Linux kernel should handle the case where a high priority thread is kept from running because a low priority one holds a contented resourse for a possibly unbounded amount of time. * 相關檔案︰ - gic.c(舊版) -> irq-gic.c(新版) : Generic Interrupt Controller(GIC)為ARM架構中負責分配interrupt至cpu的裝置。此檔案實作gic功能的界面,包含init、mask、產生軟體interrupt、end of interrupt、取得資訊等。內容除了gic register操作外,也包含了spin locks。 - it8152.c:提供ITE8152 (PCI Bridge)的支援。目前該硬體已經停止生產 。 - timer-sp.c:ARM Dual-Timer Module (SP804)的界面。SP804提供兩個32/64bit count down counter,並提供timer interrupt。 - vic.c -> irq-vic.c: 提供Vectored Interrupt Controller(VIC)的界面。VIC主要存在於armv6或以前的架構中,提供priority、IRQ vector等功能,但並不支援SMP。在armv7之後的架構中,其漸漸被NVIC(Cortex-M)與GIC(Cortex-R/A)取代。 - ipipe-tsc.c -> ipipe_tsc.c:Time Stamp Counter的界面,提供自reset起cycle數的計算。 - ipipe/compat.c:與I-pipe legacy interface相關。 - sched/clock.c:取得cpu_clock 解析度為nanosecond,開機後從0開始上數。在新版(3.18)ipipe中,此檔案並無修改。 ![](/embedded/xenomai/cpu_distribute.jpg) GIC大約是上圖的distributor的位置 但raspberry pi只有一顆CPU所以不會有SMP與 CPU affinity設定的問題 HAL ++++++++++++ 檔案位置在 : xenomai-head/ksrc/arch/arm/hal.c (xenomai 2.6) Hardware Abstract Layer:process 透過HAL呼叫ipipe的服務。這一層主要是包裝ipipe 與底層資訊 讓nucleus可以不用看到硬體資訊。 Nucleus / Cobalt ++++++++++++++++ 檔案位置在 : xenomai-head/ksrc/nucleus (xenomai 2.6) ; xenomai-head/kernel/cobalt (xenomai 3) Xenomai的kernel, 包含schedule、timer、synch、thread、lock等等一般該有的RTOS功能,負責real-time tasks的執行。 Scheduler ++++++++++++ 優先處理realtime task ,linux也被視為其中一個thread,本身也有scheduler,但須等到沒有real-time task時(idle state),才會執行linux thread ![](/embedded/xenomai/xenomai_sched.jpg) 就檔案有五個關於sched.c應該有四種不同的schedule方式 sched-idle.c :是專門處理idle狀態給linux schedule使用 sched-rt.c : 給real-time scheduler使用(FIFO+RR) sched-sporadic.c : POSIX SCHED_SPORADIC scheduling class. sched-tp.c : Temporal partitioning (typical of IMA systems) sched.c : 應該是負責四個schedule方式的檔案 Skins ++++++++++++ 檔案位置在xenomai-head/ksrc/skins (xenomai 2.6) 呼叫xenomai的界面, 有native rtdm posix psos+ uitron vrtx vxworks等。 與PREEMPT_RT的差異 =============================== * Linux kernel preemption model 組態 (realtime程度 ↑ => latency↓ but throughput↓) - PREEMPT_NONE 著重fairness和throughput,process在執行system call時無法被preempt。 - PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY(DESKTOP) 允許一個低優先權的 process把自己 preempt掉(即便該 process正在 kernel mode 執行著一個系統呼叫) - PREEMPT(Low-Latency Desktop) - PREEMPT_RT 著重determinism,對即時系統而言,作業系統的「可決定性」比 throughput 更為重要,使用固定優先權的 preemptive 排程策略 (POSIX SCHED_FIFO 與 SCHED_RR)。 * PREEMPT_RT 機制 - Preemptible critical sections - Preemptible interrupt handlers - Preemptible "interrupt disable" code sequences - Priority inheritance for in-kernel spinlocks and semaphores - Deferred operations - Latency-reduction measures - Execute all activities (including IRQ) in “schedulable/thread” context 原本無法preempt的地方讓他可以preemt,讓spinlock 區塊在區分成可以preempt的地方跟不能preempt的地方,將IRQ handler移到thread中執行。 Priority inheritance 是讓握有spinlock 或 semaphore的process可以暫時的提高優先權 讓他可以盡快做完critical section釋放spinlock或semaphore 高Priority的 process才有辦法繼續執行。 * PREEMPT_RT 與 xenomai的差異 RT_PREEMPT是基於linux架構去改進 讓更多地方能preempt 達到real-time的能力 Xenomai則是改變整個系統架構 新增一個scheduler與IRQ管理的機制 讓處理real-time task流程簡化到只剩ipipe->scheduler 就能執行 不會因linux龐大的架構影響到real-time task的處理時間 硬體規格 ============================== Raspberry pi (Model B+) & Beaglebone ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ * Raspberry pi ![](/embedded/xenomai/respberrypi.png) * Beaglebone ![](/embedded/xenomai/beaglebone.png) * 詳細規格,腳位圖,及GPIO - https://hackpad.com/Raspberry-pi-beaglebone-xvENpXJvKIF#:h=GPIO 建立 Xenomai 環境 ============================== Xenomai 2.6 on raspberry pi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ * 下載 Raspbian: http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/ - 將raspbian的img檔燒進sd card上 ``` sudo dd if= of=/dev/mmcblk0 bs=4M ``` - ``if`` 為 input file, ``of`` 為 output file, ``bs``為 block size - 燒錄詳細介紹: http://life-of-raspberrypi.blogspot.tw/ * Install Cross complier ``` cd wget https://github.com/raspberrypi/tools/archive/master.tar.gz tar xzfv master.tar.gz ``` * Download kernel ``` git clone -b rpi-3.8.y --depth 1 git://github.com/raspberrypi/linux.git linux-rpi-3.8.y ``` * Download Xenomai ``` git clone git://git.xenomai.org/xenomai-head.git xenomai-head ``` * Download minimal config ``` wget https://www.dropbox.com/s/dcju74md5sz45at/rpi_xenomai_config ``` * Apply ipipe core pre-patch ``` cd linux-rpi-3.8.y patch -Np1 < ../xenomai-head/ksrc/arch/arm/patches/raspberry/ipipe-core-3.8.13-raspberry-pre-2.patch ``` * Apply Xenomai ipipe core patch ``` cd ./xenomai-head/scripts/prepare-kernel.sh --arch=arm --linux=linux-rpi-3.8.y --adeos=xenomai-head/ksrc/arch/arm/patches/ipipe-core-3.8.13-arm-4.patch ``` * Apply ipipe core post-patch ``` cd linux-rpi-3.8.y patch -Np1 < ../xenomai-head/ksrc/arch/arm/patches/raspberry/ipipe-core-3.8.13-raspberry-post-2.patch ``` * Create build directory ``` cd mkdir linux-rpi-3.8.y/build ``` * Configure kernel ``` cp rpi_xenomai_config linux-rpi-3.8.y/build/.config cd linux-rpi-3.8.y make mrproper make ARCH=arm O=build oldconfig ``` * Compile Linux Kernel (此步驟耗時長,建議用make -j平行加速) 在作此步驟之前須export library ``` export PATH=/tools-master/arm-bcm2708/arm-bcm2708hardfp-linux-gnueabi/bin/:$PATH make ARCH=arm O=build CROSS_COMPILE=/tools-master/arm-bcm2708/arm-bcm2708hardfp-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-bcm2708hardfp-linux-gnueabi- ``` * Install modules ``` make ARCH=arm O=build INSTALL_MOD_PATH=dist modules_install ``` * Install headers ``` make ARCH=arm O=build INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dist headers_install find build/dist/include \( -name .install -o -name ..install.cmd \) -delete ``` * 編譯好的kernelImage(/linux-rpi-3.8.y/build/arch/arm/boot/Image),移到SD卡的 ``/boot/`` 路徑下並更改名稱為kernel.img * 將``linux-rpi-3.8.y/build/dist``中的Module,移到SD卡中的``/lib/modules`` * Compile Xenomai ``` cd xenomai-head export PATH=/tools-master/arm-bcm2708/arm-bcm2708hardfp-linux-gnueabi/bin/:$PATH ./configure --host=arm-bcm2708hardfp-linux-gnueabi cd src mkdir dist make install DESTDIR=`pwd`/dist ``` * dist中會出現``usr/xenomai``, 將這個資料夾移到sd卡中 ``/usr/`` * 用 minicom 連進 raspberry pi 中執行以下動作 ``` export PATH=/usr/xenomai/bin:$PATH export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/xenomai/lib sudo modprobe xeno_posix ``` Xenomai 3 on raspberry pi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ * 取得 xenomai 3.0-rc、rpi-linux 3.18.y、ipipe 3.18.12 arm patch、toolchain ``` git clone -b rpi-3.18.y git://github.com/raspberrypi/linux.git rpi-linux git clone -b v3.0-rc4 git://git.xenomai.org/xenomai-3.git xenomai-3 wget http://download.gna.org/adeos/patches/v3.x/arm/ipipe-core-3.18.12-arm-1.patch git clone https://github.com/raspberrypi/tools.git --depth=1 ``` * checkout rpi-linux至3.18.12 ``` git checkout c963de6d8caec6278c0dde76831f9fdab5bace52 git checkout -b 3.18.12 ``` * 由此處取得rpi post patch [post patch](https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6GwSked9fL9RnU3b3pSajFZbUk/view) * 上 ipipe patch ``` cd rpi-linux ../xenomai-3/scripts/prepare-kernel.sh --arch=arm --ipipe=<你的patch位置>/ipipe-core-3.18.12-arm-1.patch --linux=. ``` * ipipe post patch (註:pre patch為解決ipipe patch衝突之用,此處無衝突故不需要) ``` patch -Np1 < <你的patch位置>/3.18.12-xenomai3-temp.patch ``` * configure kernel(使用rpi提供的default) ``` export CCPI=($working_dir)/tools/arm-bcm2708/gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-x64/bin/arm-linux-gnueabihf- mkdir build make mrproper make ARCH=arm O=build CROSS_COMPILE=$CCPI bcmrpi_defconfig make ARCH=arm O=build CROSS_COMPILE=$CCPI menuconfig ``` 若patch正確,會在設定表裡看到xenomai相關選項。 使用manuconfig或編輯build/.config,找到CONFIG_CPU_FREQ , CONFIG_CPU_IDLE , CONFIG_KGDB , CONFIG_CONTEXT_TRACKING_FORCE(若有的話)設為n。 * compile kernel ``` make -j 5 ARCH=arm O=build CROSS_COMPILE=$CCPI ``` * 安裝kernel modules ``` make ARCH=arm O=build INSTALL_MOD_PATH=dist modules_install ``` * 安裝headers ``` make ARCH=arm O=build INSTALL_HDR_PATH=dist headers_install ``` * xenomai ``` cd ../xenomai-3 mkdir dist export PATH=/home/erickitten/workspace/xenomai/pi/tools/arm-bcm2708/gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-x64/bin/:$PATH ``` * 設定bootstrap ``` ./scripts/bootstrap --with-core=cobalt –enable-debug=partial ``` * configure ``` ./configure CFLAGS="-mcpu=arm1176jzf-s -mfpu=vfp -mfloat-abi=hard" LDFLAGS="-mcpu=arm1176jzf-s -mfpu=vfp -mfloat-abi=hard" --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --with-core=cobalt ``` * install ``` make DESTDIR=`pwd`/dist install ``` * 複製kernel 將linux-rpi/build/arch/arm/boot/Image複製到SD卡的/boot (partition),並改名成kernel.img。或使用config.txt,以kernel=指定名稱。 * 移動module / patches (權限問題,需使用sudo) ``` cd .. sudo cp -r rpi-linux/build/dist/lib/modules $(sdcard)/lib sudo cp -r xenomai-3/dist/usr/xenomai $(sdcard)/usr ``` Beaglebone Black 環境設置 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 使用舊版linux(Angstrom)來做測試,核心編譯步驟參考上面步驟 或 http://elinux.org/EBC_Installing_Kernel_Source * 下載Kernel Source & 編譯 ``` host$ git clone git://github.com/RobertCNelson/bb-kernel.git host$ cd bb-kernel host$ git tag (This shows what versions can be checked out.) host$ git checkout 3.8.13-bone67 -b 3.8.13-bone67 ``` * 預設username/password ``` host$ ./build_kernel.sh username:root ``` * 設定cross compile 在Kernel Configuration中選擇General setup,輸入 ``` CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- ``` * 安裝必要套件 ``` sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install build-essential device-tree-compiler fakeroot lzma lzop u-boot-tools libncurses5-dev:amd64 libc6:i386 libncurses5:i386 libstdc++6:i386 zlib1g:i386 ``` * 完成上述步驟後即可上電,按 boot select button 讓它從 sd card 開機,開機後進入登入畫面,帳號/密碼寫在上面 * 登入後查詢版本 ``` sudo su uname -a ``` Xenomai 2.6 on Beaglebone ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Kernel裝好後,測試可以成功從 SD 卡開機,接著更換換 Kernel 參考資料 http://elinux.org/EBC_Xenomai 與 http://emplearn.blogspot.tw/search?q=xenomai * 設定路徑 ``` mkdir bbb cd bbb export BBB=$(pwd) ``` * 取得xenomai-2.6.4 (與 beaglebone-kernel 同一層目錄) ``` wget http://download.gna.org/xenomai/stable/latest/xenomai-2.6.4.tar.bz2 ``` * 檢查版本 ``` cd bb-kernel/KERNEL uname -a git tags | sort | less ``` * 選擇跟所編譯 Kernel 最接近版本,在此為 3.8.13 ``` git checkout 3.8.13-bone67 -b xenomai ``` * Patch the kernel ``` cd bb-kernel/KERNEL patch -p1 < ../../xenomai-2.6.4/ksrc/arch/arm/patches/beaglebone/ipipe-core-3.8.13-beaglebone-pre.patch patch -p1 < ../../xenomai-2.6.4/ksrc/arch/arm/patches/ipipe-core-3.8.13-arm-4.patch patch -p1 < ../../xenomai-2.6.4/ksrc/arch/arm/patches/beaglebone/ipipe-core-3.8.13-beaglebone-post.patch ``` * Prepare the kernel ``` cd ../../xenomai-2.6.4/scripts ./prepare-kernel.sh --arch=arm --linux=../../bb-kernel/KERNEL/ ``` * Prepare the kernel ``` cd ../../bb-kernel ``` * 確認已經關掉AUTO_BUILD ``` vi system.sh ``` * 確認最後一行為 ``` #AUTO_BUILD=1 ``` * 關掉 CPU Power Management ---> CPU Frequency scaling中的 [ ] CPU Frequency scaling. * 將Real-time sub-system ---> Drivers ---> Testing drivers中的選項全部打開 ``` cd ../../bb-kernel/KERNEL make ARCH=arm menuconfig ``` * 再重新編譯 ``` make -j8 ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- LOADADDR=0x80008000 uImage dtbs modules ``` * 編譯完後將 SD 卡內的 Kernel 換掉 ``` mkdir sd ``` * 掛載 sd 卡 * 確認掛載的目錄內一定要有這些路徑 ``` sudo mount /dev/mmcblk0p1 sd sudo cp beagle-kernel/kernel/arch/arm/boot/uImage sd/boot/uImage-3.8.13 cd beagle-kernel/kernel sudo make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- INSTALL_MOD_PATH=$BBB/sd modules_install cd - mkdir sd/home/root/xeno_drivers cp beagle-kernel/kernel/drivers/xenomai/testing/*.ko sd/home/root/xeno_drivers/ cp -r xenomai-2.6.3 sd/home/root ./configure --target=arm-linux-gnueabi mkdir -p dist; make DESTDIR=`pwd`/dist install ``` * 將編譯後dist內的內容複製放到beaglebone上 ``` sudo umount sd ``` * 測試,掛載driver ``` cd ~/xeno_drivers insmod xeno_klat.ko /usr/xenomai/bin/cyclictest -p 90 ``` Xenomai 3 on Beaglebone Black ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ * 先下載 linux kernel: - 參考資料 : http://elinux.org/EBC_Installing_Kernel_Source ``` git clone git://github.com/RobertCNelson/bb-kernel.git cd bb-kernel git tag (This shows what versions can be checked out.) git checkout 3.18-rc7 -b 3.18-rc7 ./build_kernel.sh ``` * Prepare the kernel ``` cd ../../xenomai-2.6.4/scripts ./prepare-kernel.sh --arch=arm --linux=../../bb-kernel/KERNEL/ ``` * Compile Kernel ``` cd ../../bb-kernel ``` * 確認狀態,關掉休眠 - 關掉 CPU Power Management ---> CPU Frequency scaling中的 [ ] CPU Frequency scaling. - 將Real-time sub-system ---> Drivers ---> Testing drivers中的選項全部打開 ![](/shutdownhibernation.png) ``` make ARCH=arm menuconfig ``` * 再重新編譯 ``` make -j 8 ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabihf- LOADADDR=0x80008000 uImage dtbs modules ``` * 把 SD card format 並 燒錄 debian (要進入 root 模式) ``` sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/mmcblk0 sudo xz -dkc bone-debian-7.5-2014-05-14-2gb.img.xz > /dev/mmcblk0 ``` * 把dtb file (or dts) and zImage 換掉,把 zImage 放入到 SD card 內 就可以成功開機了! * 然後去下載 Xenomai3.git - 參考資料 :http://git.xenomai.org/xenomai-3.git ``` wget http://git.xenomai.org/xenomai-3.git/snapshot/xenomai-3-3.0-rc4.tar.bz2 tar jxvf xenomai-3-3.0-rc4.tar.bz2 wget http://download.gna.org/adeos/patches/v3.x/arm/ipipe-core-3.18.12-arm-1.patch //載 ipipe patch cd bb-kernel/KERNEL patch -p1 < ../../ipipe-core-3.18.12-arm-1.patch ``` * Compile Xenomai 3 ``` cd xenomai-3-3.0-rc4 mkdir dist export PATH=/home/neal/Xenomai/tool-master/arm-bcm2708/gcc-linaro-arm-linux-gnueabihf-raspbian-x64/bin/:$PATH ./scripts/bootstrap --with-core=cobalt –enable-debug=partial ./configure CFLAGS="-march=armv7-a -mtune=cortex-a8 -mfloat-abi=hard -mfpu=neon -ffast-math" --host=arm-linux-gnueabihf --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf mkdir -p dist; make DESTDIR=`pwd`/dist install ``` * dist中會出現usr/xenomai, 將這個資料夾移到sd卡中 /usr/ * Install module : ``` cd bb-kernel/KERNEL mkdir dist sudo make ARCH=arm INSTALL_MOD_PATH=dist modules_install ``` * 把 modules 移到 SD card /lib/modules 內 ``` sudo cp -rp dist/lib/modules/3.18.0-rc7+/ /media/neal/rootfs/lib/modules/ ``` * 即可成功 run xenomai 3 的 內建執行檔. - ex : sudo /usr/xenomai/bin/arm-linux-gnueabihf-latency 觀察與分析 ========= ``` pi@raspberrypi:~$ cat /proc/xenomai/stat CPU PID MSW CSW PF STAT %CPU NAME 0 0 0 206 0 00500080 100.0 ROOT 0 0 0 2688553 0 00000000 0.0 IRQ3: [timer] ``` * CPU : 目前這個tread是使用哪個CPU在運行,而rpi是單核心CPU,故顯示皆為0 * MSW : Mode SWitches, This value should only increase over time for threads that are expected to interact with Linux services. - 當process從primary mode轉成secondary mode或是secondary mode轉成primary mode時,將會紀錄一次的轉換。 - cyclictest的RT task因為會執行到memset,所以會從xenomai schedule跳到linux schedule,MSW+1,而執行完memset後將在跳回xenomai schedule,故再+1 * CSW : Number of Context SWitches (or IRQ hits for the particular CPU) * PF : Number of Page Faults (should stop increasing as soon as mlockall is in effect) * STAT : A bitfield describing the internal state of the thread. Bit values are defined in include/nucleus/thread.h (See status and mode bits). The STAT field from /proc/xenomai/sched gives a 1-letter-per-bit symbolic translation of a the most significant subset of those bits. * %CPU : CPU share of the thread (or IRQ handler) since the last retrieval of the statistics. * NAME : Name of the thread (or IRQ number and registered driver). Can be set, e.g., with the (non portable) POSIX-API-function pthread_set_name_np. See API documentation of the RTOS skin in question. ``` pi@raspberrypi:~$ sudo /usr/xenomai/bin/cyclictest >/dev/null 2>/dev/null & [1] 2253 ``` ``` pi@raspberrypi:~$ ps aux | grep -i "cy" root 2253 0.5 0.3 4580 1464 ? S 03:34 0:00 sudo /usr/xenomai/bin/cyclictest root 2254 2.7 0.4 2340 2132 ? SLl 03:34 0:00 /usr/xenomai/bin/cyclictest pi 2259 0.0 0.1 3540 820 ttyAMA0 S+ 03:34 0:00 grep --color=auto -i cy ``` ``` pi@raspberrypi:~$ cat /proc/xenomai/stat CPU PID MSW CSW PF STAT %CPU NAME 0 0 0 255 0 00500080 100.0 ROOT 0 2254 1 1 0 00b00380 0.0 cyclictest 0 2256 2 48 0 00300184 0.0 cyclictest 0 0 0 2913946 0 00000000 0.0 IRQ3: [timer] ``` ``` pi@raspberrypi:~$ watch -n 1 cat /proc/xenomai/stat Every 1.0s: cat /proc/xenomai/stat Wed Jan 8 03:38:43 2014 CPU PID MSW CSW PF STAT %CPU NAME 0 0 0 442 0 00500080 99.9 ROOT 0 2254 1 1 0 00b00380 0.0 cyclictest 0 2256 2 235 0 00300184 0.0 cyclictest 0 0 0 2953543 0 00000000 0.1 IRQ3: [timer] ``` 在這邊可以看到cyclictest有兩個pid,因為/usr/xenomai/bin/cyclictest它會先創一個thread,並讓這個thread跑nanosleep,所以會有兩個process。接著看向CSW,pid 2254的cyclictest, 他的CSW只有1。pid 2256的卻有235,這是因為2256是一個xenomai realtime task,而 2254是一個 linux的process,所以2256會優先執行,直到realtime task都做完才會換low priority的linux domain process取得CPU,因此2254的CSW值才會是1而沒有增加。 ``` pi@raspberrypi:~$ sudo kill 2254 pi@raspberrypi:~$ ps aux | grep -i "cy" pi 2324 0.0 0.1 3540 820 ttyAMA0 R+ 03:46 0:00 grep --color=auto -i cy [1]+ Done sudo /usr/xenomai/bin/cyclictest > /dev/null 2> /dev/null pi@raspberrypi:~$ sudo /usr/xenomai/bin/cyclictest -p FIFO >/dev/null 2>/dev/null & ``` * 在我們了解MSW時,嘗試了在-p後面加上了文字(如:FIFO、RR……) * 發現MSV的值開始往上增加,也發現一開始對於MSW的定義理解錯誤 ``` CPU PID MSW CSW PF STAT %CPU NAME 0 0 0 75266 0 00500080 99.9 ROOT 0 2978 1 1 0 00b00380 0.0 cyclictest 0 2980 2 26846 0 00300184 0.0 cyclictest 0 7559 1 1 0 00b00380 0.0 cyclictest 0 7561 66 130 0 00b00184 0.0 cyclictest 0 0 0 11266931 0 00000000 0.1 IRQ3: [timer] ``` * trace後才了解,這是xenomai在-p的指令上是使用atoi,將輸入的數字轉為int,但並沒有進行偵錯,才導致segment fault,而需跳轉到linux domain進行除錯。 效能表現 ======= * Stock Linux ``` cyclictest -p 90 - m -c 0 -i 200 -n -h 100 -q -l 1000 >log ``` ![](/embedded/xenomai/001.png) * PREEMPT_RT-patched Linux ``` cyclictest -p 90 - m -c 0 -i 200 -n -h 100 -q -l 1000 >log ``` ![](/embedded/xenomai/preemptRt.png) * Xenomai-patched Linux ``` /usr/xenomai/bin/cyclictest -p 90 - m -c 0 -i 200 -n -v 100 -q -l 100" >log ``` ![](/embedded/xenomai/002.png) * User,kernal,timer IRQ 在R-pi上使用Xenomai 2.6與Xenomai 3.0之比較圖 - Xenomai 3.0 ![](/embedded/xenomai/Rpi_xenomai3.png) - Xenomai 2.6 ![](/Rpi_xenomai2.png) * User,kernal,timer IRQ 在Beaglebone上使用Xenomai 2.6與Xenomai 3.0之比較圖 - Xenomai 3.0 ![](/Beaglebonxenomai3.png) - Xenomai 2.6 ![](/Beaglebonexenomai2.png) Cyclictest 原理 ============== * 概念:設定一個時間間隔->取得現在時間->讓process 睡一個間隔->process醒來後再取一次時間->比對兩次取得的時間差與設定的間隔差距 * pseudocode: ```c clock_gettime((&now)) next = now + par->interval while (!shutdown) { clock_nanosleep((&next)) clock_gettime((&now)) diff = calcdiff(now, next) # update stat-> min, max, total latency, cycles # update the histogram data next += interval } ``` * 造成時間差的原因 - timer精準度 - IRQ latency - IRQ handler duration - scheduler latency - scheduler duration * Cyclictest 實作流程 1.cyclictest建立一個timerthread, 它一個 realtime 的 thread 2.timerthread會重複的執行取第一次時間 nanosleep(interval) 取第二次時間 比對兩次時間差與interval的差異 3.最後將結果輸出在terminal * Clock_nanosleep 的 timer clock_nanosleep 使用的timer 是 high resolution timer(HRT) ,讓睡眠時間可以更精確,達到nanosecond的精準度(但還是要看硬體能提供的精準度) 因為能在更準確得時間讓process醒來並取的nanoscecond單位的時間 所以可以計算到由systick無法計算到的duration + latency * Clock_nanosleep 實作流程 1.使用 spinlock (xnlock_get_irqsave) 令 CPU 不接受 Interrupt 2.使用 xnpod_suspend_thread 改變目前 thread 的狀態 3.使用 xntimer_get_timeout_stopped 取得 tick 4.使用 ticks2ts 轉換時間單位 ```c int clock_nanosleep (clockid_t clock_id, int flags, const struct timespec *rqtp, struct timespec *rmtp) { xnthread_t *cur; spl_t s; int err = 0; if (xnpod_unblockable_p()) return EPERM; if (clock_id != CLOCK_MONOTONIC && clock_id != CLOCK_REALTIME) return ENOTSUP; if ((unsigned long)rqtp->tv_nsec >= ONE_BILLION) return EINVAL; if (flags & ~TIMER_ABSTIME) return EINVAL; cur = xnpod_current_thread(); xnlock_get_irqsave(&nklock, s); thread_cancellation_point(cur); xnpod_suspend_thread(cur, XNDELAY, ts2ticks_ceil(rqtp) + 1,clock_flag(flags, clock_id), NULL); thread_cancellation_point(cur); if (xnthread_test_info(cur, XNBREAK)) { if (flags == 0 && rmtp) { xnsticks_t rem; rem = xntimer_get_timeout_stopped(&cur->rtimer); xnlock_put_irqrestore(&nklock, s); ticks2ts(rmtp, rem > 1 ? rem : 0); } else xnlock_put_irqrestore(&nklock, s); return EINTR; } xnlock_put_irqrestore(&nklock, s); return err; } ``` * [Cyclictest](https://rt.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Cyclictest) * Test case: POSIX interval timer, Interval 500 micro seconds,. 100000 loops, 100% load. - Commandline: ``` cyclictest -t1 -p 80 -i 500 -l 100000 ``` * 使用 PREEMPT LINUX ``` root@raspberrypi:/home/pi# sudo ./cyclictest -t1 -p 80 -i 500 -l 100000 # /dev/cpu_dma_latency set to 0us policy: fifo: loadavg: 0.00 0.01 0.05 1/61 2064 T: 0 ( 2063) P:80 I:500 C: 100000 Min: 27 Act: 49 Avg: 42 Max: 1060 ``` * 使用 RT-PREEMPT ``` Linux raspberrypi 3.6.11+ #474 PREEMPT Thu Jun 13 17:14:42 BST 2013 armv6l GNU/Linux Min: 22 Act: 31 Avg: 32 Max: 169 ``` * 使用 Xenomai ``` Linux raspberrypi 3.8.13-core+ #1 Thu Feb 27 03:02:16 CST 2014 armv6l GNU/Linux Min: 1 Act: 5 Avg: 6 Max: 41 ``` ``` root@raspberrypi:/home/pi# /usr/xenomai/bin/cyclictest -t1 -p 80 -i 500 -l 10000 0.08 0.06 0.05 1/61 2060 T: 0 ( 2060) P:80 I: 500 C: 100000 Min: -4 Act: -2 Avg: 0 Max: 30 ``` T:thread P:priority I:interval C:執行cycle數 Min:最小延遲 Act:此次延遲時間 Avg:平均延遲 Max:最大延遲 最重要的是Max值 為了確保realtime 要能知道worst case,讓開發者可以評估最差的情況可以在多少時間內可以做出回應 * 比較Cyclictest 於使用 PREEMPT LINUX,RT-PREEMPT以及Xenomai - 使用R-pi model B+ , Xenoami 2.6.4 ![](/embedded/xenomai/comparingto3mechanism.png) - 實驗數據 +-----------------+-----------------+ | Kernel Type | Max latency(µs) | +=================+=================+ | Linux preempt | 271 | +-----------------+-----------------+ | Full preempt_rt | 96 | +-----------------+-----------------+ | Xenomai 2.6.4 | 38 | +-----------------+-----------------+ 示波器 實驗 ============== 試著撰寫driver驅動板子,進而使用示波器測試latency,驗證在不同因素之下造成不同的 max latency * Source code https://github.com/jacky6016/GPIO-test https://github.com/erickitten/GPIO_test_xenomai3_2 * 實驗數據 +----------------------------------+---------------+ | Driver model |max latency(µs)| +==================================+===============+ | rpi xenomai-2 RTDM | 4.71 | +----------------------------------+---------------+ | beaglebone xenomai-2 RTDM | 7.46 | +----------------------------------+---------------+ | rpi xenomai-3 RTDM | 7.022 | +----------------------------------+---------------+ | rpi xenomai-2 linux native | 10.92 | +----------------------------------+---------------+ | rpi xenomai-2 user-level(python) | 244 | +----------------------------------+---------------+ * [詳細實驗紀錄](https://embedded2015.hackpad.com/Xenomai-lab-data-FlbetsD4sEe/) Q&A ============== * Q1:handler duration 與 schedule latency 之間的延遲原因為何? - A: ![](/embedded/xenomai/tasklatency.jpg) * Q2:ipipe的效益為何?為什麼要切割damain?切割完要如何確保real-time的穩定速度? - A: ipipe的主要效益是用來切割domain,讓real-time和linux interrupt可以在不同domain下進行運作。 切割domain原因是因為real-time domain的優先序是最高的,當有real-time interrupt進來,就會直接進入real-time domain去執 行,不會在經過整個linux的複雜架構下進行preempt的動作,可確保real-time 能在短時間內進行處理。 * Q3:ipipe/Adeos理論基礎中的Fine-grained是什麼? - A: ![](/criticalsection.png) 在[life with andeos ](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.45.5628&rep=rep1&type=pdf)這篇指的fine-grained linux kernel,是指在編寫linux kernel code時,盡量讓critical section能愈短愈好,確保當real-time thread running in the secondary domain能在一定時間內遇到schedule point,也就可以在schedule point處理real-time thread。 * Q4:ipipe的相關檔案,gic.c、it8152.c ... 之類的有什麼關係? - A: * Q5:請解釋下圖 ![](/interuptdistributor.png) - A: GIC:Generic Interrupt Controller(GIC)是arm用來集中分配interrupt至cpu的裝置。它主要分為distributor與cpu interfaces. ![](/embedded/xenomai/gic.png) distributor:負責分配interrupts,紀錄執行狀態,並提供registers以決定每個interrupt的enable、priority level、target processor。每個interrupt會有固定的interrupt ID,以供接收的cpu辨認。 cpu interface:向cpu傳送interrupt request,並提供distributor接收(acknowledge)interrupt、完成interrupt等訊息;它也提供決定priority mask、preemption policy的registers。 當啟動時,cpu interface會收到priority最高的pending interrupt,並決定它是否有足夠的priority被此cpu執行(參考mask、running interrupt、preemption),若是則signal cpu。cpu讀取interface的register(GICC_HPPIR)以接收interrupt,此讀取會得到interrupt ID,當接收後 distributor會改變狀態(由pending->active(and pending));完成之後,cpu寫入register以示意interrupt已經完成。 Interrupt types: * Private Peripheral Interrupt (PPI) ID:16-31 每個cpu各自獨立的硬體interrupt。 * Shared Peripheral Interrupt (SPI) ID:32~1019 外部硬體interrupt。 * Software-generated interrupt (SGI) ID:0~15 軟體interrupt,由一個cpu發出,可指定至一個或多個cpu,cpu以寫入GICD_SGIR的方式產生SGI,其中PPI與SGI是N-N model,每個cpu的interrupt狀態各自獨立;SPI是1-N model,一旦其中一個目標cpu接受,interrupt即視為已處理。 * Q6:Xenimai2與Xenomai3架構圖 - A: * Q7:要如何知道每個CPU上跑哪一個task? SMP是如何排程? - A: 對CPU來講 thread, process都是程式(program),一如作業系統,CPU只是在其間跳來跳去;有一個 load balancer 會定期得去處理 Processor 間的 Balance 會將 loading 較重的 Processor 內的工作移到 Loading 較輕的 Processor 上去執行,其中會用到 Processor 間的 interrupt 這種 interrupt 叫 IPI (inter-processor interrupt) * inter-processor interrupt (IPI): IPI is a special type of interrupt by which one processor may interrupt another processor in a multiprocessor system if the interrupting processor requires action from the other processor. * PPI : An interrupt generated by a peripheral. Hackpad ======= * 討論&紀錄 https://embedded2014.hackpad.com/Xenomai-raspberry-note-XwJtuQn9nkD * 整理 https://embedded2014.hackpad.com/Xenomai-z2CJPjPLTer * 2015 hackpad:https://embedded2015.hackpad.com/Xenomai-LydARMEzEWP#:h=Cobalt 參考資料 ======= * https://code.google.com/p/picnc/wiki/RPiXenomaiKernel * https://code.google.com/p/picnc/wiki/CreateRaspbianLinuxCNC * http://www.camelsoftware.com/firetail/blog/raspberry-pi/real-time-operating-systems/ * [Quadruped Linux robot feels its way over obstacles](http://linuxgizmos.com/hyq-quadruped-robot-runs-real-time-linux/) * [ Choosing between Xenomai and Linux for real-time applications](https://www.osadl.org/fileadmin/dam/rtlws/12/Brown.pdf) * [Real Time Systems](http://www.slideshare.net/anil_pugalia/real-time-systems) * http://www.cs.ru.nl/lab/xenomai/exercises/ * [背景知識 ](https://www.osadl.org/fileadmin/dam/rtlws/12/Brown.pdf) * [應用案例 ](http://veter-project.blogspot.tw/search/label/xenomai) * [應用案例II ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNZPRsrwumQ) * [real-time Linux 介紹 ](http://class.svuca.edu/~sau/class/CE460/IntroEmbeddedLinuxDesign_Spring2014_Sec_13.ppt) * [Xenomai 專案維護人的介紹 ](http://elinux.org/images/7/70/Gerum-elce-09.odp) * [RTOS 定義 ](http://open-robotics.com/report/rtos/)