版本 58174d69841b212fb922b7687b12320ec7e68747
Changes from 58174d69841b212fb922b7687b12320ec7e68747 to 42d5f1c202c62762b9ec10f6ff1a0693e5368458
---
title: F9 microkernel
categories: embedded, arm, stm32, stm32f429
toc: no
toc: yes
...
目錄
----
1. `組員與共筆<#組員與共筆>`_
2. `作業系統架構<#作業系統架構>`_
3. `記憶體管理(Memory Management)<#記憶體管理(Memory Management)>`_
3.1 `Memory pool<#Memory pool>`_
3.2 `Flexible pages(fpage)<#Flexible pages(fpage)>`_
3.3 `Address space(AS)<#Address space(AS)>`_
4. `硬體驅動原理<#硬體驅動原理>`_
5. `Basic Kernel Library<#Basic Kernel Library>`_
5.1 `KTable<#KTable>`_
5.1.1 `Bitmap<#Bitmap>`_
組員與共筆
----------
* 廖健富 / Rampant1018
* 鄒宗延 / slpbaby
* 詹凱傑 / bpotatog
* 共筆 / `Hackpad<https://hackpad.com/F9-Kernel-Note-UnUXDVd9Zv2>`_
作業系統架構
------------
Init Hook
----------
F9-kernel用了一個global initialization hook的技巧,這個技巧可以在任意地方定義一段要在系統初始化時執行的code。一個``init hook``會在特定的run level被呼叫,hook可以保證依據level順序呼叫,但不能保證在同一個level中呼叫的順序,下面是一個``init hook``的結構:
.. code-block:: c
/* include/init_hook.h */
typedef struct {
unsigned int level;
init_hook_t hook;
const char *hook_name;
} init_struct;
其中包含要在哪個level呼叫、要執行的code位置、名稱,宣告這個結構的方法如下:
.. code-block:: c
/* include/init_hook.h */
#define INIT_HOOK(_hook, _level) \
const init_struct _init_struct_##_hook __attribute__((section(".init_hook"))) = { \
.level = _level, \
.hook = _hook, \
.hook_name = #_hook, \
};
使用``INIT_HOOK``這個macro可以宣告一個``init_struct``,並且將這個結構放到``.init_hook`` section中,接著觀察linker script:
.. code-block:: c
/* loader/loader.ld */
SECTIONS {
.text 0x08000000:
{
KEEP(*(.isr_vector))
. = TEXT_BASE;
text_start = .;
*(.text*)
*(.rodata*)
.init_hook_start = .;
KEEP(*(.init_hook))
init_hook_end = .;
text_end = .;
} > MFlash
...
}
在``KEEP(*(.init_hook))``前後各紀錄了一個位置,``init_hook_start``會是section ``.init_hook``的開始,``init_hook_end``會是section ``.init_hook``的結束。
在F9-kernel中已經有一些地方使用到``INIT_HOOK``:
.. code-block:: c
$ grep INIT_HOOK kernel/* platform/*
kernel/kdb.c:INIT_HOOK(kdb_init, INIT_LEVEL_KERNEL);
kernel/kprobes.c:INIT_HOOK(kprobe_init, INIT_LEVEL_KERNEL);
kernel/ksym.c:INIT_HOOK(ksym_init, INIT_LEVEL_KERNEL_EARLY);
kernel/ktimer.c:INIT_HOOK(ktimer_event_init, INIT_LEVEL_KERNEL);
kernel/memory.c:INIT_HOOK(memory_init, INIT_LEVEL_KERNEL_EARLY);
kernel/sched.c:INIT_HOOK(sched_init, INIT_LEVEL_KERNEL_EARLY);
kernel/syscall.c:INIT_HOOK(syscall_init, INIT_LEVEL_KERNEL);
kernel/thread.c:INIT_HOOK(thread_init_subsys, INIT_LEVEL_KERNEL);
platform/debug_device.c:INIT_HOOK(dbg_device_init_hook, INIT_LEVEL_PLATFORM);
接著看一下``init_hook_start``跟``init_hook_end``的值,並觀察剛剛定義的``init_struct``是放在哪邊:
.. code-block:: c
$ arm-none-eabi-readelf -s f9.elf | grep "init_hook_start|init_hook_end" -E
765: 08005924 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 1 init_hook_end
934: 080058b8 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT 1 init_hook_start
$ arm-none-eabi-objdump -d f9.elf | grep init_struct
080058b8 <_init_struct_dbg_device_init_hook>:
080058c4 <_init_struct_ktimer_event_init>:
080058d0 <_init_struct_memory_init>:
080058dc <_init_struct_sched_init>:
080058e8 <_init_struct_syscall_init>:
080058f4 <_init_struct_thread_init_subsys>:
08005900 <_init_struct_kdb_init>:
0800590c <_init_struct_kprobe_init>:
08005918 <_init_struct_ksym_init>:
可以發現``0x080058b8~0x08005924``剛好就是剛剛定義的``init_struct``內容(一個init_struct的大小是12byte,所以最後一個是0x8005918+12=0x8005924),而且這些結構會是連續的存放在一起。剩下的就是如何執行這些code:
.. code-block:: c
/* kernel/init.c */
extern const init_struct init_hook_start[];
extern const init_struct init_hook_end[];
static unsigned int last_level = 0;
int run_init_hook(unsigned int level)
{
unsigned int max_called_level = last_level;
for (const init_struct *ptr = init_hook_start; ptr != init_hook_end; ++ptr)
if ((ptr->level > last_level) && (ptr->level <= level)) {
max_called_level = MAX(max_called_level, ptr->level);
ptr->hook();
}
last_level = max_called_level;
return last_level;
}
這段程式會從``init_hook_start``開始掃過一遍,當發現一個hook的level是大於上次呼叫``run_init_hook``而且小於等於這次要run的level時,就執行對應的hook function,並且更新最大呼叫過的level。
記憶體管理(Memory Management)
-----------------------------
與傳統L4用來建置``large system``的設計理念不同,F9將重點放在小型MCU的功耗上,因此:
* 沒有虛擬記憶體(virtual memory)與分頁(pages)
* RAM很小,但PAS(physical address space)比較大(32-bit),包含:硬體裝置、flash、bit-band區域
* 只有8個MPU(memory protection unit)區域
記憶體管理分為三個部份:
Memory pool
一塊含有特定屬性的PAS區域(hardcoded in memmap table)
Flexible page
AS中的一塊區域,與L4不同,這邊是指MPU區域
Address page
由flexible page所組成
在Cortex-M中,MPU只支援2^n大小的區域,假設我們要建立一個96 bytes的page,我們應該要切成較小的區域,並且建立出一條包含32 byte與64 byte的fpage chain,這邊就是實作複雜的原因。
Memory pool
===========
.. code-block:: c
/* include/memory.h */
typedef struct {
memptr_t start;
memptr_t end;
uint32_t flags;
uint32_t tag;
} mempool_t;
/* Kernel permissions flags */
#define MP_KR 0x0001
#define MP_KW 0x0002
#define MP_KX 0x0004
/* Userspace permissions flags */
#define MP_UR 0x0010
#define MP_UW 0x0020
#define MP_UX 0x0040
/* Fpage type */
#define MP_NO_FPAGE 0x0000 /*! Not mappable */
#define MP_SRAM 0x0100 /*! Fpage in SRAM: granularity 1 << */
#define MP_AHB_RAM 0x0200 /*! Fpage in AHB SRAM: granularity 64 words, bit bang mappings */
#define MP_DEVICES 0x0400 /*! Fpage in AHB/APB0/AHB0: granularity 16 kB */
#define MP_MEMPOOL 0x0800 /*! Entire mempool is mapped */
/* Map memory from mempool always (for example text is mapped always because
* without it thread couldn't run)
* other fpages mapped on request because we limited in MPU resources)
*/
#define MP_MAP_ALWAYS 0x1000
typedef enum {
MPT_KERNEL_TEXT,
MPT_KERNEL_DATA,
MPT_USER_TEXT,
MPT_USER_DATA,
MPT_AVAILABLE,
MPT_DEVICES,
MPT_UNKNOWN = -1
} mempool_tag_t;
#define DECLARE_MEMPOOL(name_, start_, end_, flags_, tag_) \
{ \
.start = (memptr_t) (start_), \
.end = (memptr_t) (end_), \
.flags = flags_, \
.tag = tag_ \
}
#define DECLARE_MEMPOOL_2(name, prefix, flags, tag) \
DECLARE_MEMPOOL(name, &(prefix ## _start), &(prefix ## _end), flags, tag)
``mempool_t``定義出memory pool的結構,也就是PAS中的一個區域,因此此結構中包含:起始與結束位置、kernel與user的使用權限,還有fpage的creation rule。``DECLARE_MEMPOOL``與``DECLARE_MEMPOOL_2``用來宣告memory pool,兩者的差異在於定義start與end的位置,一個是直接賦值,一個是透過變數取值
.. code-block:: c
/* kernel/memory.c */
/**
* Memory map of MPU.
* Translated into memdesc array in KIP by memory_init
*/
static mempool_t memmap[] = {
DECLARE_MEMPOOL_2("KTEXT" , kernel_text, MP_KR | MP_KX | MP_NO_FPAGE, MPT_KERNEL_TEXT),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL_2("UTEXT" , user_text, MP_UR | MP_UX | MP_MEMPOOL | MP_MAP_ALWAYS, MPT_USER_TEXT),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL_2("KIP" , kip, MP_KR | MP_KW | MP_UR | MP_SRAM, MPT_KERNEL_DATA),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("KDATA" , &kip_end, &kernel_data_end,MP_KR | MP_KW | MP_NO_FPAGE, MPT_KERNEL_DATA),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL_2("KBSS" , kernel_bss, MP_KR | MP_KW | MP_NO_FPAGE, MPT_KERNEL_DATA),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL_2("UDATA" , user_data, MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_MEMPOOL | MP_MAP_ALWAYS, MPT_USER_DATA),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL_2("UBSS" , user_bss, MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_MEMPOOL | MP_MAP_ALWAYS, MPT_USER_DATA),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("MEM0" , &user_bss_end, 0x2001c000, MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_SRAM, MPT_AVAILABLE),
#ifdef CONFIG_BITMAP_BITBAND
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("KBITMAP" , &bitmap_bitband_start, &bitmap_bitband_end,MP_KR | MP_KW | MP_NO_FPAGE, MPT_KERNEL_DATA),
#else
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("KBITMAP" , &bitmap_start, &bitmap_end,MP_KR | MP_KW | MP_NO_FPAGE, MPT_KERNEL_DATA),
#endif
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("MEM1" , &kernel_ahb_end, 0x10010000,MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_AHB_RAM, MPT_AVAILABLE),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("APB1DEV" , 0x40000000, 0x40007800,MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_DEVICES, MPT_DEVICES),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("APB2_1DEV", 0x40010000, 0x40013400,MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_DEVICES, MPT_DEVICES),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("APB2_2DEV", 0x40014000, 0x40014c00,MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_DEVICES, MPT_DEVICES),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("AHB1_1DEV", 0x40020000, 0x40022400,MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_DEVICES, MPT_DEVICES),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("AHB1_2DEV", 0x40023c00, 0x40040000,MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_DEVICES, MPT_DEVICES),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("AHB2DEV" , 0x50000000, 0x50061000,MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_DEVICES, MPT_DEVICES),
DECLARE_MEMPOOL("AHB3DEV" , 0x60000000, 0xA0001000,MP_UR | MP_UW | MP_DEVICES, MPT_DEVICES),
};
// 如果addr落在size當中,則會將addr加上size對齊,不過不須對齊的情況應該直接return addr就好
static memptr_t addr_align(memptr_t addr, size_t size)
{
if (addr & (size - 1))
return (addr & ~(size - 1)) + size;
return (addr & ~(size - 1));
}
void memory_init()
{
int i = 0, j = 0;
uint32_t *shcsr = (uint32_t *) 0xE000ED24;
fpages_init();
ktable_init(&as_table);
mem_desc = (kip_mem_desc_t *) kip_extra;
/* Initialize mempool table in KIP */
for (i = 0; i < sizeof(memmap) / sizeof(mempool_t); ++i) {
switch (memmap[i].tag) {
case MPT_USER_DATA:
case MPT_USER_TEXT:
case MPT_DEVICES:
case MPT_AVAILABLE:
mem_desc[j].base = addr_align((memmap[i].start), CONFIG_SMALLEST_FPAGE_SIZE) | i;
mem_desc[j].size = addr_align((memmap[i].end - memmap[i].start), CONFIG_SMALLEST_FPAGE_SIZE) | memmap[i].tag;
j++;
break;
}
}
// memory_desc_ptr需要存的是從kip到mem_desc的offset
kip.memory_info.s.memory_desc_ptr = ((void *) mem_desc) - ((void *) &kip);
kip.memory_info.s.n = j;
*shcsr |= 1 << 16; /* Enable memfault */
}
INIT_HOOK(memory_init, INIT_LEVEL_KERNEL_EARLY);
``memory_init``先初始化``fpages``以及``as_table``,接著將``mempool table``的填入KIP中。``0xE000ED24``在ARM Cortex-M4中是System Handler Control and State Register(SHCSR),最後enable memfault exception。
Flexible pages(fpage)
======================
.. code-block:: c
/* include/fpage.h */
struct fpage {
struct fpage *as_next;
struct fpage *map_next;
struct fpage *mpu_next;
union {
struct {
uint32_t base;
uint32_t mpid : 6;
uint32_t flags : 6;
uint32_t shift : 16;
uint32_t rwx : 4;
} fpage;
uint32_t raw[2];
};
};
typedef struct fpage fpage_t;
一個fpage包含:base address、memory pool id、flags、size、permission,
.. code-block:: c
/* kernel/fpage.c */
static int fp_addr_log2(memptr_t addr)
{
int shift = 0;
while ((addr <<= 1) != 0)
++shift;
return 31 - shift;
}
static fpage_t *create_fpage(memptr_t base, size_t shift, int mpid)
{
fpage_t *fpage = (fpage_t *) ktable_alloc(&fpage_table);
assert(fpage != NULL);
fpage->as_next = NULL;
fpage->map_next = fpage; /* That is first fpage in mapping */
fpage->mpu_next = NULL;
fpage->fpage.mpid = mpid;
fpage->fpage.flags = 0;
fpage->fpage.rwx = MP_USER_PERM(mempool_getbyid(mpid)->flags);
fpage->fpage.base = base;
fpage->fpage.shift = shift;
if (mempool_getbyid(mpid)->flags & MP_MAP_ALWAYS)
fpage->fpage.flags |= FPAGE_ALWAYS;
return fpage;
}
``create_fpage``用來建立並初始化一個新的fpage,首先先在``fpage_table``中要一塊新的空間,接著依據給予的參數(mpid、size、flags)進行設定。
.. code-block:: c
static void create_fpage_chain(memptr_t base, size_t size, int mpid, fpage_t **pfirst, fpage_t **plast)
{
int shift, sshift, bshift;
fpage_t *fpage = NULL;
while (size) {
/* Select least of log2(base), log2(size). Needed to make regions with correct align */
bshift = fp_addr_log2(base);
sshift = fp_addr_log2(size);
shift = ((1 << bshift) > size) ? sshift : bshift;
if (!*pfirst) {
/* Create first page */
fpage = create_fpage(base, shift, mpid);
*pfirst = fpage;
*plast = fpage;
} else {
/* Build chain */
fpage->as_next = create_fpage(base, shift, mpid);
fpage = fpage->as_next;
*plast = fpage;
}
size -= (1 << shift);
base += (1 << shift);
}
}
``create_fpage_chain``會根據base位置以及大小,建立一條鍊結,如果原來已經有鍊結存在,則會將新產生的fpage鍊接在元有的鍊結上;如果沒有就新建一條鍊結。
.. code-block:: c
int assign_fpages_ext(int mpid, as_t *as, memptr_t base, size_t size, fpage_t **pfirst, fpage_t **plast)
{
fpage_t **fp;
memptr_t end;
if (size <= 0)
return -1;
/* if mpid is unknown, search using base addr */
if (mpid == -1) {
if ((mpid = mempool_search(base, size)) == -1) {
/* Cannot find appropriate mempool, return error */
return -1;
}
}
end = base + size;
if (as) {
/* find unmapped space */
fp = &as->first;
while (base < end && *fp) {
if (base < FPAGE_BASE(*fp)) {
fpage_t *first = NULL, *last = NULL;
size = (end < FPAGE_BASE(*fp) ? end : FPAGE_BASE(*fp)) - base;
create_fpage_chain(mempool_align(mpid, base),
mempool_align(mpid, size),
mpid, &first, &last);
last->as_next = *fp;
*fp = first;
fp = &last->as_next;
if (!*pfirst)
*pfirst = first;
*plast = last;
base = FPAGE_END(*fp);
} else if (base < FPAGE_END(*fp)) {
if (!*pfirst)
*pfirst = *fp;
*plast = *fp;
base = FPAGE_END(*fp);
}
fp = &(*fp)->as_next;
}
if (base < end) {
fpage_t *first = NULL, *last = NULL;
size = end - base;
create_fpage_chain(mempool_align(mpid, base),
mempool_align(mpid, size),
mpid, &first, &last);
*fp = first;
if (!*pfirst)
*pfirst = first;
*plast = last;
}
} else {
create_fpage_chain(mempool_align(mpid, base),
mempool_align(mpid, size),
mpid, pfirst, plast);
}
return 0;
}
int assign_fpages(as_t *as, memptr_t base, size_t size)
{
fpage_t *first = NULL, *last = NULL;
return assign_fpages_ext(-1, as, base, size, &first, &last);
}
Address space(AS)
==================
.. code-block:: c
/* include/memory.h */
typedef struct {
uint32_t as_spaceid; /*! Space Identifier */
struct fpage *first; /*! head of fpage list */
struct fpage *mpu_first; /*! head of MPU fpage list */
struct fpage *mpu_stack_first; /*! head of MPU stack fpage list */
uint32_t shared; /*! shared user number */
} as_t;
.. code-block:: c
/* kernel/memory.c */
void as_map_user(as_t *as)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < sizeof(memmap) / sizeof(mempool_t); ++i) {
switch (memmap[i].tag) {
case MPT_USER_DATA:
case MPT_USER_TEXT:
/* Create fpages only for user text and user data */
assign_fpages(as, memmap[i].start, (memmap[i].end - memmap[i].start));
}
}
}
替``user text``以及``user data``建立fpage,並且映射到``as``。
硬體驅動原理
------------
* Flash Patch and Breakpoint Unit (FPB), ARMv7-M Debug Architecture
* MPU (Memory Protection Unit)
Basic Kernel Library
----------------------
KTable
=========================================
ktable是一套快速的物件管理機制,結構如下:
.. code-block:: c
struct ktable {
char *tname;
bitmap_ptr_t bitmap;
ptr_t data;
size_t num;
size_t size;
};
typedef struct ktable ktable_t;
* tname : table名稱
* `bitmap<#bitmap>`_ : 紀錄table的使用情況
* data : 實際存放資料的區域
* num : 總共有幾個區塊
* size : 每個區塊的大小
接著是宣告ktable的方法,給予要存放在ktable中的型態、ktable的名字、以及需要的大小:
.. code-block:: c
// 宣告一個ktable
// $ arm-none-eabi-readelf f9.elf -s | grep fpage_table
// 263: 10000000 32 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 8 kt_fpage_table_bitmap
// 265: 2000c4e0 6144 OBJECT LOCAL DEFAULT 4 kt_fpage_table_data
#define DECLARE_KTABLE(type, name, num_) \
DECLARE_BITMAP(kt_ ## name ## _bitmap, num_); \
static __KTABLE type kt_ ## name ## _data[num_]; \
ktable_t name = { \
.tname = #name, \
.bitmap = kt_ ## name ## _bitmap, \
.data = (ptr_t) kt_ ## name ## _data, \
.num = num_, .size = sizeof(type) \
}
ktable有提供下列的API可供使用:
.. code-block:: c
// 將kt中的bitmap全部設為0
void ktable_init(ktable_t *kt);
// 檢查第i個元素是否已經被配置
int ktable_is_allocated(ktable_t *kt, int i);
// 配置第i個元素,回傳元素的位置
void *ktable_alloc_id(ktable_t *kt, int i);
// 配置到第一個free的元素,回傳元素的位置
void *ktable_alloc(ktable_t *kt);
// 釋放元素
void ktable_free(ktable_t *kt, void *element);
// 取得該元素位在ktable內的id
uint32_t ktable_getid(ktable_t *kt, void *element);
.. image:: /embedded/f9-kernel/ktable.png
Bitmap
#######
bit array(bitmap, bitset, bit string, bit vector)是一種緊湊儲存位元的陣列結構,可以用來實作簡單的set結構。在硬體上操作bit-level時,bitmap是一種很有效的方法,一個典型的bitmap會儲存kw個位元,w代表一個單位需要w個位元(byte、word),k則是一個非負的整數,如果w無法被要儲存的位元整除,則有些空間會因為內部片段被浪費。
**定義**
bitmap會從某一個domain mapping到一個集合{0, 1},這個值可以代表valid/invalid、dark/light等等,重點在只會有兩個可能的值,所以可以被存在一個位元中。
**基本操作**
雖然大部分的機器無法取得或操作記憶體中的單一位元,但是可以透過bitwise操作一個word進而改變單一位元的資料:
* OR可以用來set一個位元為1:11101010 OR 00000100 = 11101110(set 3rd bit 1)
* AND可以用來set一個位元為0:11101010 AND 11111101 = 11101000(set 2nd bit 0)
* AND可以用來判斷某一個位元是否為1:11101010 AND 00000001 = 0(check 1st bit is 1)
* XOR可以用來toggle一個位元:11101010 XOR 00000100 = 11101110(toggle 3rd bit)
* NOT用來invert:NOT 11101010 = 00010101
只要n/w個bitwise operation用來算出兩個相同大小bitmap的union、intersection、difference、complement
.. code-block:: c
for i from 0 to n/w-1
complement[i] := not a[i]
union[i] := a[i] or b[i]
intersection[i] := a[i] and b[i]
difference[i] := a[i] and (not b[i])
如果要iterate bitmap中的所有bit,只要用一個雙層的迴圈就能有效率的掃完,只需要n/w次的memory access
.. code-block:: c
for i from 0 to n/w-1
index := 0 // if needed
word := a[i]
for b from 0 to w-1
value := word and 1 ≠ 0
word := word shift right 1
// do something with value
index := index + 1 // if needed
**Bit-banding**
bit-banding會將一塊較大記憶體中的word對應到一個較小的bit-band區域中的單一bit,例如寫到其中一個alias,可以set或是clear一個bit-band區域中對應的bit。
這使得bit-band區域中每一個獨立的bit都可以透過LDR指令搭配一個word-aligned的地址進行存取,也能讓每一個獨立bit被直接toggle,而不須經過read-modify-write的指令操作。
處理器的memory map包含了兩塊bit-band區域,分別是在SRAM以及Peripheral中最低位的1MB。
System bus interface包含了一個bit-band的存取邏輯:
* remap一個bit-band alias到bit-band區域
* 讀取時,會將requested bit放在回傳資料的Least Significant Bit中
* 寫入時,會將read-modify-write轉換成一個atomic的動作
* 處理器在bit-band操作中不會stall,除非試圖在bit-band操作中存取system bus
記憶體中有兩塊32MB的alias對應到兩塊1MB的bit-band區域:
* 32MB可存取的SRAM alias區域對應到1MB的bit-band SRAM區域
* 32MB可存取的peripheral alias區域對應到1MB的bit-band peripheral區域
有一個mapping公式可以將alias轉換成對應的bit-band位置
.. code-block:: c
bit_word_offset = (byte_offset x 32) + (bit_number × 4)
bit_word_addr = bit_band_base + bit_word_offset
* bit_word_offset是target bit在bit-band區域中的位置
* bit_word_addr是target bit在alias中對應的地址
* bit_band_base是alias區域的起始位置
* byte_offset是target bit在bit-band區域中的第幾個byte
* bit_number是target bit的bit位置,從0到7
範例如下:
* The alias word at 0x23FFFFE0 maps to bit [0] of the bit-band byte at 0x200FFFFF: 0x23FFFFE0 = 0x22000000 + (0xFFFFF*32) + 0*4.
* The alias word at 0x23FFFFFC maps to bit [7] of the bit-band byte at 0x200FFFFF: 0x23FFFFFC = 0x22000000 + (0xFFFFF*32) + 7*4.
* The alias word at 0x22000000 maps to bit [0] of the bit-band byte at 0x20000000: 0x22000000 = 0x22000000 + (0*32) + 0*4.
* The alias word at 0x2200001C maps to bit [7] of the bit-band byte at 0x20000000: 0x2200001C = 0x22000000 + (0*32) + 7*4.
* bit-band[0x20000000] <-> alias[0x22000000~0x2200001C](8格)
* bit-band 0x20000000[0]-0x20000000[1]-0x20000000[2]-0x20000000[3]-0x20000000[4]
* alias 0x22000000 -0x20000004 -0x20000008 -0x2000000C -0x20000010
.. image:: /embedded/f9-kernel/bitmap.png
**直接存取alias**
直接寫一個word到alias上與target bit的read-modify-write動作有同樣效果,Bit[0]代表要寫入target bit的值,Bit[31:1]沒有用處,所以寫入`0x01`跟`0xFF`是一樣的,都會寫入1到target bit;寫入`0x00`跟`0x0E`是一樣的,都會寫入0到target bit。
從alias讀取一個word會得到`0x01`或是`0x00`,Bit[31:1]會為0
**F9-kernel(Bitmap)**
Bit-band bitmap被放在AHB SRAM中,使用BitBang地址存取bit,使用bitmap cursor(type bitmap_cusor_t)iterate bitmap。
.. code-block:: c
/* include/lib/bitmap.h */
// 宣告一塊bitmap
#define DECLARE_BITMAP(name, size) \
static __BITMAP uint32_t name [ALIGNED(size, BITMAP_ALIGN)];
// ADDR_BITBAND指的是target bit所在byte對應到的align,還沒加上bit_number
// ((ptr_t) addr) & 0xFFFFF) 可以抓出addr在bit-band區域中的第幾個byte
#define BITBAND_ADDR_SHIFT 5
#define ADDR_BITBAND(addr) \
(bitmap_cursor_t) (0x22000000 + \
((((ptr_t) addr) & 0xFFFFF) << BITBAND_ADDR_SHIFT))
#define BIT_SHIFT 2
// bitmap_cursor是加上bit_number後的值,也就是target bit正確的align
#define bitmap_cursor(bitmap, bit) \
((ADDR_BITBAND(bitmap) + (bit << BIT_SHIFT)))
// bitmap_cursor_id可以取得bit_number
// ((1 << (BITBAND_ADDR_SHIFT + BIT_SHIFT)) - 1) 取得 0b1111111 也就是七位的mask,與cursor進行完AND操作並右移兩位後,會留下兩位的byte_offset以 及bit_number,也就是BBXXX(B:byte_offset、X:bit_number)
#define bitmap_cursor_id(cursor) \
(((ptr_t) cursor & ((1 << (BITBAND_ADDR_SHIFT + BIT_SHIFT)) - 1)) >> BIT_SHIFT)
// bitmap_cursor_goto_next 可以把cursor往前推一格(+= 4)
#define bitmap_cursor_goto_next(cursor) \
cursor += 1 << BIT_SHIFT
// for_each_in_bitmap 可以從某一個bitmap的start開始訪問完一塊bitmap
#define for_each_in_bitmap(cursor, bitmap, size, start) \
for (cursor = bitmap_cursor(bitmap, start); \
bitmap_cursor_id(cursor) < size; \
bitmap_cursor_goto_next(cursor))
* bitmap_set_bit(bitmap_cursor_t cursor) - 將cursor設為1
* bitmap_clear_bit(bitmap_cursor_t cursor) - 將cursor設為0
* bitmap_get_bit(bitmap_cursor_t cursor) - 取得cursor值
* bitmap_test_and_set_bit(bitmap_cursor_t cursor) - 測試cursor是否被使用並設為1
效能表現
--------
參考資料
--------
* http://www.slideshare.net/jserv/f9-microkernel
* http://www.slideshare.net/vh21/2014-0109f9kernelktimer
* Bitmap
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_array
- `ARM Information Center(2.5. Bit-banding)<http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.dai0179b/CHDJHIDF.html>`_
* Init Hook
- http://kunyichen.wordpress.com/2014/04/18/f9-kernel-%E4%B9%8B-init_hook
- https://github.com/f9micro/f9-kernel/blob/master/Documentation/init-hooks.txt